Homemr. Mac's Virtual Existence

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Homemr. mac

MacHomemr. mac

Displays the time & date on which the existence of the network node with the subject MAC address was confirmed in the session to which the Virtual Hub last responded. MAC address entries on which 600 seconds have elapsed since the update are deleted from the table at the next aging-time. MacOS, an abbreviation of Macintosh Operating System, is Apple Inc.' S operating system for Apple Macintosh computers, and is closely related to iOS, Apple's mobile operating system for its iPhone and iPod Touch product lines. Originally known simply as 'System' software, it shipped with the Macintosh 128K in January 1984 and became the first commercially successful operating system to use a. You have a Mac Computer but you need to use some applications that are Windows-specific. You could buy a Windows PC but that is the expensive option. Why not use Virtualization instead. With a good virtual machine software, you can create a virtual environment on your Mac that allows you to run the Windows OS and all the associated programs.

Homemr. Mac's Virtual Existence Reality

IB Environmental Systems and Societies‎ > ‎Topic 2: Ecosystems & Ecology (25 hours)‎ > ‎

2.2 Communities & Ecosystems

2.1 Species & Populations
  • The interactions of species with their environment result in energy and nutrient flows.
  • Photosynthesis and respiration play a significant role in the flow of energy in communities.
  • The feeding relationship of species in a system can be modeled using food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.
  1. A community is a group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat.
    An ecosystem is a community and the physical environment with which it interacts.
  2. Respiration and photosynthesis can be described as processes with inputs, outputs and transformations of energy and matter.
  3. Respiration is the conversion of organic matter into carbon dioxide and water in all living organisms, releasing energy. Aerobic respiration can be represented by the following word equation.glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
  4. During respiration, large amounts of energy are dissipated as heat, increasing the entropy in the ecosystem while enabling organisms to maintain relatively low entropy and so high organization.
  5. Producers in most ecosystems convert light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
  6. The photosynthesis reaction can be represented by the following word equation.carbon dioxide + water + energy -> glucose + oxygen
  7. Photosynthesis produces the raw material for producing biomass.
  8. The trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a food chain, or the position of a group of organisms in a community that occupy the same position in food chains.
  9. Producers (autotrophs) are typically plants or algae that produce their own food using photosynthesis and form the first trophic level in a food chain. Exceptions include chemosynthetic organisms that produce food without sunlight.
  10. Feeding relationship involve producers, consumers and decomposers. These can be modeled using food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.
  11. Ecological pyramids include pyramids of numbers, biomass and productivity and are quantitative models that are usually measured for a given area and time.
  12. In accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, there is a tendency for numbers and quantities of biomass and energy to decrease along food chains; therefore, the pyramids become narrower towards the apex.
  13. Bioaccumulation is the build-up of persistent or non-biodegradable pollutants within an organism or trophic level because they cannot be broken down.
  14. Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of persistent or non-biodegradable pollutants along a food chain.
  15. Toxins such as DDT and mercury accumulate along food chains due to the decrease of biomass and energy.
  16. Pyramids of numbers can sometimes display different patterns; for example, when individuals at lower trophic levels are relatively large (inverted pyramids).
  17. A pyramid of biomass represents the standing stock or storage of each trophic level, measured in units such as grams of biomass per square meter (g m-2) or Joules per square meter (J m-2) (units of biomass or energy).
  18. Pyramids of biomass can show greater quantities at higher trophic levels because they represent the biomass present at a fixed point in time, although seasonal variations may be marked.
  19. Pyramids of productivity refer to the flow of energy through a trophic level, indicating the rate at which that stock/storage is being generated.
  20. Pyramids of productivity for entire ecosystems over a year always show a decrease along the food chain.
Applications and Skills
  1. Construct models of feeding relationship - such as food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids - from given data.
  2. Explain the transfer and transformation of energy as it flows through an ecosystem.
  3. Analyze the efficiency of energy transfers through a system.
  4. Construct system diagrams representing photosynthesis and respiration.
  5. Explain the relevance of the laws of thermodynamics to the flow of energy through ecosystems.
  6. Explain the impact of a persistent or non-biodegradable pollutant in an ecosystem.
  1. The distinction between storages of energy illustrated by boxes in energy-flow diagrams (representing the various trophic levels), and the flows of energy or productivity often shown as arrows (sometimes of varying widths) needs to be emphasized.
  2. Details of chloroplasts, light-dependent and light=-independent reactions, mitochondria, carrier systems, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and specific intermediate biochemicals are not expected.
  3. Biomass, measured in units of mass (g m-2), should be distinguished from productivity, measured in units of flow (g m-2 yr-2or J m-2 yr-2).
  4. 'Pyramid of biomass' refers to a standing crop (a fixed point in time) and a 'pyramid of productivity' refers to the rate of flow of biomass or energy.
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Processes
    • Photosynthesis
      • Chemosynthesis
    • Respiration
      • Aerobic
      • Anaerobic
    • Transfer
    • Transformation
    • Input
    • Output
  • Energy
    • Entropy
  • Matter
  • Food chain/web
    • Trophic level
  • Autotroph
    • Producer
  • Heterotroph
    • Consumer
    • Decomposer
  • Ecological pyramid
    • Numbers
    • Biomass
    • Productivity
  • Bioaccumulation
  • Biomagnification
  • Pages 64-78
    • To do (p.66)
    • ToK (p.69
    • To do (p.69)
    • To do (p.70)
    • To do (p.71)
    • To do (p.74)
    • To think about (p.74-75)
    • To do (p.75)
    • Case Study (p.75)
    • To do (p.76)
    • To think about (p.77)
    • To do (p.78)
A detailed set of notes, created by Stephen Taylor, examining U1 - U8 and A1 - A4.
A series of questions, created by Stephen Taylor, to help check your understanding of the IB learning expectations. This is VERY GOOD practice.
Bioknowledgy Notes (Not available)
A detailed set of notes, created by Chris Paine, examining all of the IB learning expectations.
Bioknowledgy Study Questions (Not available)
A series of questions, created by Chris Paine, to help check your understanding of the IB learning expectations. This is VERY GOOD practice.
Learning Activities
This activity, prepared by McGraw-Hill, will help you better understand the relationships between organisms in a food chain and how pyramids of numbers and energy can help model a system (K&U8-12 and A&S1-3).
This activity, prepared by McGraw-Hill, will help you better understand the different types of organisms that live in different biomes around the world. The better your understanding of these organisms, the higher the score you'll be able to achieve.

This reading outlines the ecologic structure of food chains and how they transfer energy through a system. The reading finishes with a look at productivity which is part of 2.3 Energy and Matter.
Must Watch Videos

'2.2 Communities & Ecosystems' by NicheScience (6:24)

This video outlines concepts K&U 1-7 and A&S 4.

'Food chains and webs' by NicheScience (8:58)

This video outlines concepts K&U 8-10 and A&S 1-2.

'Ecological Pyramids' by NicheScience (12:30)

This video outlines K&U 11-20 and A&S 2-3, 5-6.